The assessment includes information about the symptoms and manifestations of the disease earlier. Here are some guidelines to get the data questions health history of the disease process:
- How long has the patient had difficulty breathing?
- Does activity increase dyspnea?
- How much limits the patient's activity tolerance?
- When patients complain most tired and short of breath?
- Is eating and sleeping habits affected?
- History of smoking?
- The drugs used every day?
- The drugs used in the acute attack?
- What is known about the patient's condition and disease?
- Patient's pulse rate and breathing?
- Do the same breathing, without effort?
- Is there a contraction of the abdominal muscles during inspiration?
- Is there any use of accessory respiratory muscles during breathing?
- Barrel chest?
- Does it seem cyanosis?
- Is there a cough?
- Are there peripheral edema?
- Is the neck veins appear enlarged?
- What color, amount and consistency of sputum of patients?
- What is the status of patients sensorium?
- Is there an increase in stupor? Anxiety?
- Results of diagnostic tests such as:
Chest X-Ray:
May indicate pulmonary hiperinflation, flattened diaphragm, increased retrosternal air space, decrease vascular signs / bullae (emphysema), an increase in the form of bronchovaskular (bronchitis), normally found during periods of remission (asthma)
Examination of Lung Function: Guide to determine the cause of dyspnea, determine whether the function abnormalities due to obstruction or restriction, to estimate the level of dysfunction and to evaluate the effects of therapy, eg bronchodilator.
TLC: Increase in severe bronchitis and usually on asthma, decreased in emphysema.
Capacity Inspiration: Decrease in emphysema
FEV1/FVC: Ratio of pressure expiratory volume (FEV) against the pressure of the vital capacity (FVC) decreased in bronchitis and asthma.
ABGs: Indicates a chronic disease process, often decreased PaO2 and PaCO2 normal or increased (chronic bronchitis and emphysema) but often decreased in asthma, the normal pH or acidosis, respiratory alkalosis secondary to hyperventilation light (moderate emphysema or asthma).
Bronchogram: Can show dilatation of the bronchi during inspiration, kollaps bronchial expiratory pressure (emphysema), enlargement of mucous glands (bronchitis)
Complete Blood: Increased hemoglobin (severe emphysema), an increase in eosinophils (asthma).
Blood Chemistry: Alpha 1-antitrypsin is made to the possibility of less on primary emphysema.
Sputum culture: To determine the presence of infection, identify the pathogen, cytologic examination to determine malignancy or allergic disease.
ECG: right axis deviation, tall P wave (severe asthma), atrial dysrhythmias (bronchitis), gel. P in Leads II, III, AVF length, height (bronchitis, emphysema), QRS axis vertical (emphysema)
Exercise ECG, Stress Test: Helping assess the level of respiratory dysfunction, evaluate the effectiveness of bronchodilator drugs, plan / program evaluation ..
Palpation:
- Reduction in the development of breast palpation?
- Is there decreased tactile fremitus?
- Is there hiperesonansi on percussion?
- The diaphragm moves just a little bit?
- Is there a loud wheezing sound?
- Is there ronkhi sound?
- Nomal or decreased vocal fremitus?
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