Community is a social group who live in a place, interacting with each other, know each other and have the same interests. Communities are groups of people who live in the same location with the same under the rule, the area or the same location where they live, the social groups that have the same interest.
Health care is a specialized field of nursing which is a combination of science nursing, public health sciences and social sciences are an integral part of the health care provided to individuals, families, groups and communities either healthy or sick comprehensively through promotive, preventive , curative and rehabilitative and resocialization, involving the active participation of the community. Active participation with community health teams are expected to know the health problems faced and solved the problem.
Public health targets are individuals, families / groups and communities, with a focus on primary health efforts, secondary and tertiary. Therefore, public education about the health and social development will help the community in encouraging the spirit to care for themselves, independent living and self-determination in creating optimal health status.
Public participation is required in the individual case. Community as the subject and object of society is able to recognize expected, took the decision to maintain good health. Most of the primary health care goals of society are expected to be able to independently maintain and improve the health status of the community.
Assessment
Community profile assessment framework (modified)
This assessment is the result of a modification of some previous theories about the community assessment.
Data collection
The data collection is intended to obtain information about health problems in the community to determine which actions should be taken to resolve the issue concerning the physical, psychological, social, economic, spiritual and environmental factors that influence.
Data collection can be done in the following way:
1. Interview or anamnesis
The interview is a mutual communication activities in the form of questions and answers between the nurse with the patient or the patient's family, the community on matters relating to the patient's health problems. Interviews should be conducted with a friendly, open, use simple language and easily understood by the patient or the patient's family, and subsequent interviews or anamnesis recorded in the format of the nursing process.
2. Observations
Observations conducted in community nursing covers aspects of physical, psychological, behavioral and attitude in order to nursing diagnosis. Observations were made using the five senses and the results are recorded in the format of the nursing process.
3. Physical examination
In one community nursing where nursing care is provided nursing care family, the physical examination were performed in an effort to help nursing diagnosis by means of inspection, percussion, auscultation and palpation.
Data processing
Once the data is obtained, the next activity is the processing of data in the following way:
- Classification of the data or categories of data.
- Calculation of percentage of coverage.
- Tabulation of data.
- Interpretation of the data.
Data analysis
Data analysis is the ability to associate the data with the cognitive abilities possessed that can be known about the gaps or problems faced by the community if it's a problem of health, or nursing problems.
1. Determination of the problem or the formulation of health problems
Based on the analysis of the data can be known health and nursing problems faced by the community, and can be formulated hereinafter intervention. However, the problem has been formulated not to be overcome at once. Therefore we need a priority issue.
2. Priority issues
In determining priority public health issues and nursing need to consider various factors such as the criteria are:
- Public attention.
- Prevalence.
- The severity of the problem.
- Possible problems to be overcome.
- Availability of community resources.
- Political aspects.
- In accordance with the role of community nurses.
- The amount at risk.
- The magnitude of the risk.
- The possibilities for health education.
- The public interest.
- Possibility to overcome.
- In accordance with the government program.
- A resource.
- Time resources.
- Funding resources.
- Equipment resources.
- Human resources.
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing diagnosis is the individual's response to health problems whether actual or potential. The actual problem is a problem that is obtained at the time of assessment, while the potential problems are problems that may arise later. So the nursing diagnosis is a statement that is clear, concise and definite about the status and health problems that can be addressed by nursing actions. Thus nursing diagnosis is determined based on problems found. Nursing diagnosis will give an overview of public health issues and the status of both the real (actual), and which may occur.
Nursing Care Plan
Planning nursing is nursing action plans to be implemented to address the problems within their nursing diagnosis has been determined with the aim of fulfilling the needs of the client. So public health nursing care plan is based on pre-defined nursing diagnoses and nursing plan drawn up should include the formulation of objectives, plans nursing actions to be performed and the criteria for assessing the results of the achievement of objectives.
The steps in the planning of public health nursing are as follows:
- Identify alternative nursing actions.
- Set techniques and procedures to be used.
- Involve community participation in planning through village community consultation activities, or mini workshops.
- Consider the community resources and facilities available.
- Actions to be implemented must be able to meet the requirement, which was felt by the public.
- Leads to the objectives to be achieved.
- Action must be realistic.
- Arranged sequentially.
References :
(Mubarak, 2005).
(Elisabeth, 2007).
(Riyadi, 2007).
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